Method and apparatus for locating geological formations



fMmh .19, 1929. KAR HER 1,706,066

" METHOD. AND APPARATUS FOR LOCATING GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS Filed MafchSO 192s 2 Shets-Sheet 1 I I Jan van oz.\

March 19, 1929. c, KARCHER 1,706,066 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR'LOCATING GEOLOGICAL FORMAT-IONS Fil ed March 50, 1926 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 I 31mm oz $51 alien 1 0418 Patented Mar. 19, 1929.-

UNIV-TED s'ra'ras' mum NICK;

Joni: onannucnmcnnn, or monromm, NEW JERSEY, Assmrro'n roenornysrcar. nrsnancn conclusion, or new roux, s Y., A conro uarron orimw mnsnv;

'nnrnon AND arrnnaru's Icon nocarm'e 'euonoeioanrom'rrous.

Application mama so, was. serial no. eases.-

invention relates to methods of and apparatus for'determinin the character, lo j cation and depth of geological formations be .neath the surface of the earth and particu- 5 larly to the.;locating of formations having so'und transmitting 'characteristics diiiering from thoseofthe surroun terrain. The invention has special application to the location of salt domes, anticlines and other structures favorable-to the accumulation of petroleum under the earths surface.

It has' heretofore been recognized that subsurface formations may be investigated by observingthe velocity of sound waves transmitted through the same from sending to receivingstations where one or more of the stations .are located indeep borings in the V earth and the stations are approximately on opposite sides of the formation under ex- 0 amination. In my present invention 1 make use of sound waves transmitted through the earth, but I have discovered that by a novel arrangement and combination of sending and receiving devices I am able to take advantage 5 of principles of sound propagation not here-.

toiore used in this or similar'connections, so far as I am aware, with the result that I obviate the necessity of deep borings and by T a series of observations made at stations 0 cated substantially at thesurface of the earth I am able to determine accurately the location, size, character and depth of the geological formations under the surface of the earth, provided only that the sub-surface 5 formations have the characteristic of transmitting sound more rapidly than the surrounding terrain and that the surrounding terrain be one through which sound will travel withsubstantially uniform velocity. Such conditions are often found in geological explorations. Thus by means of my invention I am able to locate valuable mineral deposits associatedwith such geological forma- 'tions which could not otherwise be located. 5 In practicing m invention I'make use of the fact that soun s which are of long Wave.

length feet-or more). are capable of bei ing readily difi'racted. ,Because of themature of diffractioml have found that 1t 1s possible for such'sounds, originating at the surface of 'the earth, to travel diagonally downward through a 'stratum oi "earth hav ing the characteristic of transmitting sound to utilize my discovery as a method for as-' description of apreferred mode of operation of my lI'lVeIltlOIl taken connection with the and receiving stations adapted for carrying with comparatively low velocity, thence along a stratum of high sound valocity in a direction' substantially parallel to the surface of contact between the two strata and; then di agonally. upward again through the upper stratum tothe surface where it maybe de- Y tected at a receiving station some distance -from the point of origin. Where the sendingand receiving stations are sufficiently far. apart in relation to the depth of the underlying stratumand there is s'uflicient difi'erence between the sound transmitting characteristics of the upper and lower strata, .it is apparent that a sound wave following the indirect path indicated may arrive at the re ceiving station ahead of a sound wave travelling directly fromthe sendingto the receiv-' ing station throu h the upper str'atumf The sound wave Whi proceeds by the indirect path downward to and through the lower stratumand then upward through the upper stratum to the receiving station I call the difi'racted wave; The sound wave which passes directly between the two stations through the upper stratum I call the direct wave. By providing means for accurately measuring the time of arrival of these waves 1 am able to make accurate deductions as to the character and locationofthe underlying stratum. And by changing the location of the sending and receiving stations and repeating the tests and comparing the results I provide data from which the' depth, contour, slope and characteristics of the lower stratum me be accurately determined.

The principal objects otthe invention are v certaining matters ojcthe characteriindicated and to provide simple and-efficient apparatus for carrying it out. Other ob'ects and advantages of the invention will be made apparent by the following accompanying drawings, wherein Y F1g. 1 is'a wlrmg diagram of transmitting on the invention.

- Fig. 2 illustrates a preferred formof geophone for use at the receiving station'- I Fig. 3 illustrates a convenient method of] recording relative times of arrival of sound" 5 waves, being a section of photographic filmhearing graphic indications of the operation of the receiving devices shown in Fig. 1.

Figs. 4: and 5 are illustrative diagrams of the paths of sound waves through the earth, illustrating successive tests whereby the character, location and shape of the sub-surface formation may be determined.

Referring to Fig. 1, an explosive charge 10 is buried just far enough below the surface of the ground so that its detonation will produce suitable sound waves through the earth. In general it is suificient to locate the charge at a depth of 10 to 20 feet below the surface for this purpose. A. second explosive charge 11 is preferably placed for detonation at the surface of the earth immediately above the charge 10. Nearby may be located a wireless transmitter 12. All of the above-described devices are located at the sending station hereinafter. referred to as A. The explosive charges 10 and 11 and the wireless transmitter 12 are preferably connected by electric wires 13 with a suitable source of electrical energy, not shown, and any appropriate means is provided for simultaneously detonating the charges and operating the Wireless transmitter circuit so that three sets of waves may be'simiiltaneously propagated from the sending station, being (1) sound waves of long wave length, characteristic of the detonation of an explosive charge,'from the charge 10 through the earth, (2) a second set of sound waves from the charge 11 through the air, and a set of radio frequency waves from the transmitter 12.

At the receiving station, hereinafter referred to as B, are located means for detect I ing sound waves through the earth, sound waves through the air and radio frequency waves. The earth impulses may be detected by means of a geophone 14 or other, appropriate apparatus, the sound waves through the air may be detected by a microphone 25, and the radio frequency waves may be detected by any appropriate form of radio receiver 17. Any one of the well known forms of microphone may be employed which is sensitive to sounds of long wave length such as those producedby the detonations of explosive charges. The geophone 14 and the microphone 25 may be electrically connected by wires 15 to the input of an amplifier 16, which in turn is suitably connected to operate the oscillograph element 18. If desired, separate oscillographs may be employed for the geophone and for the microphone respectively. The Wireless receiver 17 is connected to operate an oscillogra-ph element 19. -These oscillograph elements are "installed in and constitute a part of the oscillograph recorder 20. The arrangement of the source of light 22, the oscillograph elements 18 and 19 and themechanism 21 for moving the film 26 is well known to those versed in the use of such instruments. The oscillograph recorder is also provided with a suitable device for recording equal time intervals, such as a tuning fork 23 provided with slits through which light may pass from a lamp 24 to the film 26,

which has been found to work successfully, though any other appropriate means may be employed. r

A special form of geophone, well adapted to use for practicingthis invention, is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of an element possessing inertia and which is free to move rela- ..net having pole pieces 31, 31, 31. The magnet may either be a permanent magnet or may be an electro-magnet. The inertia element is a coil 32 freely suspended from the fixed bracket 34 and adapted to move up and down relative to the pole pieces 31 when the latter are oscillated by earth vibrations. This relative movement generates an electrical potential at the terminals of the coils 32 which is conveyed by wires 15 to the amplifier 16 and oscillograph element 18 above described. This form of geophone is not essential to the invention but is advantageous for use in connection therewith.

The operation of the invention may be illustrated by reference to Fig. 4. in which the 'is indicated by the line MTN.

In order to determine the presence of a sub-surface formation having relatively high speed sound transmitting characteristics, sending and receiving stations such as those illustrated in Fig. 1 may be set up on the surface of the ground atpoints A and B respectively. When the various recording devices at B are in readiness the electric circuit 13 at A may be energized to simultaneously propagate thesound waves from charges 10 and 11 and-radio frequency waves from transmitter 12 as above described.

The points A and B may be located a mile or more apart and preferably at a distance greater than four times the estimated depth of the sub-surface formation 22 to be examined. g y t Upon energizing the circuit 1313 at A three sets of Waves are propagated. First a radio frequency wave which instantly energizes'the wireless receiver 17 at B and causes a record to be made on film 26 through oscillograph element 191 The time of travel of the Wireless impulse being negligible, a record is thus made on film 26 at the instant of explosive charge-11 which in due course is received at microphone and recorded on film Third, a sound wave through the earth fromcharge 10 to geophone 14;

' If a high-speed soundtransmitting stratum underlies the surface stratum where the tests are being made, this sound wave through the earth will be divided and will reach B in the form of two or more sets of vibrations as I will now explain.

The wave set up by detonation of charge 10 spreads in all directions from A on a substantially spherical wave front. The portion of it that proceeds directly to B on the line A B in stratum 1 1 I have called the direct wave. Its time ofjarrival at B will de end on the distance ATB and the velocity, of sound throughtile medium 11. Another portion of the wave from charge 10 will pro-- ceed straight downward on the line A E, other portions diagonally downward on the lines A F, A G, A H, A J, etc., with velocities-depending on the character of the medium through which they travel, and if it is homogeneous in character they will all proceed with substantially the same velocity 1 through the stratum l-1 and with a substantially spherical Wave front.

But an important change in the wave front occurs at the plane of contact M N between the strata 11 and 2-2. The wave proceeding on the line A E perpendicular to plane MN will be broken up atE, the major portionproceeding in the same line toward E and other portions proceeding-radially in all directions from E by difiraction in accordance with the theory of propagation of impulses known as "Huygens principle (p. 159 Theory of lOptics-Drude, translated by Mann & Milliken). One of these diffracted waves will proceed from'E on theline EK substantially along the plane ofcontact MN between the upper and lower strata 1-1 and F2;

Meanwhile another portionof the original" soundiwa've from A proceeding on line AF will reach plane MN at F. The major por tion of it will be retracted, on well known principles, so thatit'will proceed with increased velocity on line FF through stratum 2-2, another portion will be reflected back through stratum 11 to point F" at the surface, and other portions will be diffracted radially fromF through 22, a portion of the diffracted wave proceeding on line'EFK in plane MN. h Another portion of the original sound wave from A will strike plane MN at G. Its re fracted portion will'continue through stratum 2 2 on line GG', its reflecte'ehportion will 6 sin where G is the critical angle of refraction, V, is the velocity with which the impulse travels through low speed sound transmit-l ting medium, and

V is the velocity with which it travels through the higher speed sound transmitting medium.

According to this theory, the portion of the original sound wave from A proceeding on the line AH, where the line AH makes the critical angle of refraction with plane MN,

will have no refracted portion through stratum 2 2, but there will be reflection on line HH and diiiraction radially from H, a portion of the. diiiractedwave proceeding.

on line EHK.

Thus it appears that the original sound wave at A will transmit sound energy in line EK by diffraction due to the length of the original sound waves and the difierence in sound velocities of the media on e ther slde of the separating plane MN.

B further operation of Huygens principle, diffraction of the sound energy in line EK-occursat each point in its travel, as, for example at points P and K. and from each of these points a difiracted impulse proceeds toward B to effect vibration of the geophone 14 and make a resulting record on film 26.

The diffusion of the sound through this repeat-ed diflraction would result in very feeble vibrations at B were it not for the fact thatthey tend to reinforceeach other with a maximum intensity just following the .in-'

stant of reception of the difiracted sound {wave which has followed the shortest'time path through plane MN from A to 'B, so that with the instruments I have provided a very clear record of the arrival of the diffracted via plane MN depends on their course 10f travel through the media .1. 1 and 2"-2 "o'f diiierent sound. velocities and that that diffracterT portion reaches B first which travelsfrom A to MN and from MN toB on the lines fraction above referred to. For

AH and KB whichform with'MN angles complementary to the critical angle of re- (L- 2D tan 9) t* V cos 9 (2) shortest-time path, then Differentiating the equation (2) with respect K 7 sm 9- (5) I presume that the reinforcing of the diffracted wave referred to above is due to the fact that although the energy which follows the shortest time path AHKB arrives first, the energy travelling by line AGKB will tend to reinforce the energy travelling by line' AHKB for its path though longer in the aggregate is shorter through the low velocity stratum; and likewise the energy travelling by lines AJKB and AHPB willtendto reinforce the energy travelling by line AHKB for their paths though shorter in the aggregate are longer throughthe low velocity medium. Thus the difiracted wave is built up to such magnitude that if it arrives ahead'of the direct wave from A to B through stratum 1-1 it is clearly distinguishable on film 26 from the vibrations recording the normal unrest of the ground. The first vibration of the group of vibrations caused by the diffracted waves may therefore be read as indicating the arrival of the difi'racted wave which has come by the shortest time path, AHKB. a

The record of arrival of these four sets of waves (i. e., the radio frequency wave, the sound wave through the air, and the direct wave and the diffracted wave through the earth) at station B will appear on the film 26, when the same has been developed, somewhat as shown in Fig. 3. Referring to that figure the line Q,Q is the recordmade by the oscillograph element 19'under control of the wireless receiver 17 The line RR is the record made by the oscillograph element 18 under combined control of the microphone 25 and the geophone 14.- through amplifier 16. The lines SS. represent time intervals recorded by tuning fork 23.- (One hundredth second intervals have been found to be satisfactory.)

The sharp break in-line Q-Q, at point 0 in dicates the instant of arrival of the radio frequency wave and therefore the instant of explosion of charges 10 and. 11. This marks the zero instant of the test and all other time intervals may be read by counting the number of line SS between 0 and the point in question. The vibrations in line RR up to the point-X represent the normal earth tremors detected by geophone 14. The vibrations of line R'R between points X and X represent the record of diifracted sound waves received through geophone 14. The vibrations between points -Y and-Y represent the record of direct sound waves received through geophone 14. The vibrations of line RR following point Z represent the record of sound waves from explosion 11 received, through the air by microphone 25.

By counting the time interval lines S.S

between point 0 on line Q-Q and point Z on line R-R the exact elapse of time between the propagation of the sound wave from charge 11 at A and its receipt at B may be determined. The distance between A and B may then be accurately calculated from the known velocity of sound through the air with corrections for temperature, altitude, wind,

etc. Other appropriate means may be employed for determining the distance A B but I have found it more convenient to proceed as above indicated rather than by surveying or measuring thedistance and there is the further advantage in the present method that it makes the distance reading a part of asingle record strip upon which all of the datafor calculations are based.

Inasmuch as the direct wave from A to B through stratum 1-1 produces vibrations of line RR of greater amplitude than those produced by the diffracted. wave, I am able to identify and distinguish the respective vibrations which come through the earth. As a rough check on this method of distinguislr' 'ing the two sound records it is desirable by that the direct wave vibrationsshould not normally arrive at B until the beginning of vibrations YY" of line RR then there is no explanation for the vibrations ofline RR recorded between points X and Xother than that they are soundvibrations which have come more rapidly either than the direct wave from charge 10 or than the sound wave through'the air from charge 11'. The record of the vibrations between points X and X therefore indicates without question the presence of a high-speed sound transmitting stratum in theearth somewhere below and be tween points and B.

When the presence of the high-speed stratum 2'2 has thus been ascertained accurate data as to its character, location and depth may be collected by repeating the tests and '5 making new records for different locations of points A and B. For example, the sending station A maybe moved to a new location A further away from B on line AB and new charges and 11 set and detonated as above described. From the film stri 26 made in this second test, it will be possib e to calculate as above the distance between the sending and receiving stations A and B and the time of travel of the diffracted wave by the shortest A 'A=H H, the time of travel of the diffracted wave from H to H may be calculated. This gives the velocity of sound travel, V through the" high-speed medium 2--2, and permits the solution of equations (1) and (5) above and the determination of the angle 9. With this angle known, equation (2) may be resolved to determine the depth of the plane MN below the ground.

A direct equation for determining the depth D of the lower stratum below the surface of the ground is asfollows This assumes that the line HK in plane MN is parallel to the line AB at the surface. The equation (6) may be more generally written where D is the depth of plane below the surface at A and Db is the depth of plane MN below the surface at B.

The slope of the plane MN may be deter- I mined by making tests-and observations as above at three surface station A, B and U located in triangular relation. If the tests and observations be made in the'following- I J'where t.,, 255, t indicate the times of travel of the difiract'ed waves by the shortest time path from A to B, B to U, and U to A respectively,

and L L *L' indicate the respective distances between AB, BU and UA. By solving these equations simultaneously the depths to plane MN maybe determined and the three points thus located serve to indicate the slop' g time path" A H KB. Since the distance at greater distances beyond the supposed popears on Fig. 5 as (1,71 'of these two hyperbolas indicates the point boundary plane between strata- 1+1 al ld.2 -2. v 4

In this manner anticlines and other highspeed sound transmitting formations may be definitely located, their depth and upper v boundaries determined, and their physical characteristics may be judged from the speed with which they transmit sound.

In addition, the edges and contour of subsurface formations suchas-salt domes and the like may determined by the application of\ this invention in the manner now to be explained.

After generally locating the formation by random tests, the receiving station B see Fig. 5) is set up at a point on the surface AB and as nearly as can be centrally over the supposed position of, the sub-surface formation to be examined. Thesending station is then set up successively at positions A ,A A etc., on line BA such that A is successively where X s are abscissas and Ys are ordinates with the origin at A This hyperbola ap pears on Fig. 5 as a h Also draw the lower left hand limb of the hyperbola Atfi 4L 2 where Xs are "abscissas and Ys are ordinates with the origin at A This hyperboleapsought, i. e., the edge ofthe formation under examination.

This point may also be found by solution of the simultaneous equations:

41 20; Y 1 At At v p 4V12' i and x (11.) 4V,'(X+L Y? =1 At; At; v v 4L2 using the point A, as the origin. 180

The intersection, H, 115

Similarly the opposite edge of the sub-surface formation may be'located, and then, by placing the sending station at various points on other lines radiating from B, the location of the edge of the formation under these lines may be determined. It will generally be found necessary to change the location of the receiving station, B, from time to time in order to get the clearest results. It may be found, for example, that B is so close to one edge of the formation that the direct wave through 1-1 reaches B-before the diffracted wave. Since the vibrations recorded on film 26 by the direct wave are generally of much greater amplitude and duration than those position more nearly over the supposed cen-V ter of the formation. Where the formation is extensive it may. be necessary to make many changes in the position of B as well as of A.

No confusion is likely to occur between the record ofthe sound waves throughithe air and those through the ground for the latter travel with many times the velocity of the former. Thus the zone of vibrations Y Y' on film 26 due to the ground waves set up by explosion of charge 10 will have long since subsided and passed before the first sound of the explosion of charge 11 reaches microphone 25 through the air. Forthis reason If prefer to provide a single oscillograph 18, but separate oscillographs or other recording devices for the microphone 25 and geophone 14 may be provided as desired.

I am aware that it has been proposed to investigate sub-surface ores by means of observations as to the velocity and inflection -of sound waves of short wave length electrically produced and transmitted between instruments located in borings as deep in the earth as the formation under examination. But my invention is quite distinct from such proposal in that I make use of the principle of diffraction of sound waves by employing sounds having long wave length so that, in-

stead of observing the refracted or reflected waves as in the earlier proposal, I make use of the diffracted waves. I thereby obviate the-necessity of deep borings and provide means as well for determining with accuracy the size, shape, depth, slope and other characteristics of the formation which have not previously been ascertainable by any means within my knowledge other than actual excavation or sinking of shafts.

My'inv'ention results from the discovery that certain sounds may be diffracted under 'wave' length and because it the ground impulsesthe conditions'deseribed and that despite di'fit recording apparatus of the character described so that the record of the time of arrival of the diffracted wave by the shortest time path may be distinguished from the record of normal unrest of the ground. The

time of travel of this diffracted wave may thus be made available for use in the many calculations and deductions. referred to. I p The devices and combinations which I have described and prefer to employ as constituting the sending station are well adapted for propagation of sounds of the character required to secure difi'ractibn under, .the stated conditions of use. The devices described as constituting the receiving station arepeculiarly adapted for receiving and accurately recordingimpulses of the character employed. But it will be obvious to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description that many changes, omissions and additions'may be made in the apparatus and combinations of devices described without de- I parting from my invention. V s

The preferred form of geophone described and illustrated hereinis not essential to my broad invention but is novel in itself and is especially adapted for the use described be cause of its high sensitivity to sounds of long fication and recording'of the vibrations of electric potential set up in circuit 15 15 by without substantially distorting the record as in the case of other devices. v I

By my preferred combination of sending,

permits amplireceiving and recording devices I am able to I I make accurate time measurements, to calculate distances accurately without the use of surveying instruments or measures, to provide data with negligible factors of error, to provide simple andeflicient apparatus forcarrying on the process, and to accomplish results in the investigation and determination of characteristics of sub-surface geological formations which are novel and important and capable'of a wide variety of uses.

While I have described my invention in connection with preferred forms and combinations of devices, it will be I understood that I do not thereby intend to restrict myself to such illustrative means as I intend to include in my invention all possiblemodifica tions andvariations in method and apparatus which fall withinthe scope of the appended c a1ms.

What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is 1. In a system for locating subsurface for- 'wave length and Ya radio frequency Wave,

multaneously transmitting a sound of long means for receiving said radio frequency wave, ;'means for receiving the'difi'racted .wave' bythe -j shortest time path resulting from said sound" wave and means for recording' said waves as they are received.

2. In a system for locating subsurface formations, the combination of means for simultaneously transmitting sound waves through theearth and'through the air and transmitting'a radio frequency wave, means for receiving said radio frequency wave, means for receiving-said waves transmitted through the earth, means for receiving the waves transmitted through the air and means for recording said waves'as they are received. .3. Ina system for locating subsurface formations, the combination of a transmitting station having a source of radio" frequency waves and a source of mechanical impulses, and a receiving station having means forrecei'ving said 'radio frequency waves, means for. receiving said mechanical impulses and means for recording said waves andsaidf 1 impulses as they are received. v

4, In a system for locating subsurface formations, a source of radio frequency waves, afsdu'rce of mechanical impulses, means for receiving said radio frequency for receiving said mechanical impulses,

. means for determiningthe time oftravel of said impulses through the subsurface formacal and diffracted impulses resulting from said mechanical impulse through the ground.

'. through the air an 'tion' and means for determining the time of travel of said impulses through the media overlying said formation.

5; In a system for locatin subsurface for-- mations, a source of radio equency waves, means for produc'in through thd ground, means for causing the simultaneous transmission of said radio frequency waves and said mechanical impulses, means for receiving recording said radio frequency waves at apoint distant from that of transmission means for receiving saidmechaniical impulses at the same point, and means for separately recordinfisthe time of arrival of said mechani p es through the air and the direct 6;:The method of locating subsurface for mations which comprises trgnsmitting radio receivmg 'saidradio frequency waves 'ata pomt dista'nt from the transmitting station,

frequency waves, transniitt through the earth simultaneously therewith,

automatically recording the time of arrival 1 of said waves at the receiving point, receiv- I through the,

i earth and automatically recordingthe time v of them ar ing said. impulses travelling rival at the-same point;

' 7. Themethod of locating amma; for

waves, means.

mg sound waves mations which comprises transmittin' radio frequency waves, transmitting mec nical impulses through. the earth simultaneously therewith, receiving and recording said radio frequency waves at a point distant from the transmittingistation, receiving said mechanical impulses at the same point, and recording the time required for said impulses to travel' through the formation under observation and to travel directly through the earth from the transmitting station to the point of receptio v 8. The method of locating subsurface formations which comprises transmittin radio frequency waves, transmitting mec anic'al impulses through the earth and through the air simultaneously therewith, receiving and recording said radio frequency waves'at a point distant from the transmitting station, receiving said mechanical impulses at the same pomt, and receiving and recordin time of arrival of said impulses through the earth and through the air and the tim the tervals'between the arrival of'such impulses.

9. The method oflocating subsurface formations which comprises transmitting radio frequency waves, transmitting mechanical impulses through'theearth and through the air simultaneously therewith, receiving and recording said radio frequency waves ata pointdistant from that of transmission, receiving said impulses at the same point and automatically recording the time re uired for said impulses to travel through the ormation under observation, the time required for said impulses to travel directly through the earth and the timerequired for said impulses .to ,travel through the air. mechanical impulses- 1 10. Mechanism of the character described including incombination means for producing a sound of long wave length through. the

earth and simultaneously making a time record at a distant receiving station and means at said station for makinga time record at the instant of. arrival of the difi'racted sound by the shortest time path through the earth and for recording the time interval.

between the two time 11. Mechanism including in combination means for simultaneously length through the ai'rand-fearth from a'common sendin record at a iii records,

stant receiving station at the mstant of such propagation, and'receiving 2 devices at'the receiving station sensitive to such sounds and adapted'to make atime record of the arrival of the same and-to producing sounds oflongbwave us.

of the character described station. and making a time record the time interval betweensuch time I records.

In testimony whereof, name to-this specification. a

J OHN CLARENCE KAROHER.

I have signed my radix No; 11mm.

' JOHKCLARENCE ama;

" 1 It ii -hereby certified that appear s'in the print smflficati ofi of-tiie gbov 'mimber ed patent rim cori'pction as follows:' Raga-5, line 107,1 for 5-": sub3 h sub3" r;ead,."a s'ubii 27'; and aim am said Letters Paten zt' should vb rad' with this correction {herein jhatfie 8 mg may cofierm to the record 05 the in the Patent Office.

sg neq and ealed this 23rd-dagqi ApfiB,"A. n. ma;

' E15. 3, Moore, .(Sizal) Amimg fiisaimet 0? Patents,

CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION.

Patent No. 1,706,066. Granted March 19, 1929, to

JOHN CLARENCE KARCHER.

It is hereby certified that error appears in the printed specification of the Mabove numbered patent requiring correction as follows: Page 5, line 107, for

"a sub3 h sub3" read "a sub2 h subZ"; and that the said Letters Patent should be read with this correction therein that the same may conform to the record of the case in the Patent Office.

Signed and sealed this 23rd day of April, A. D. 1929.

M. J. Moore, (Seal) Acting Commissioner of Patents. 

